Effects of Improper Positioning Body Part      Short Term Effects      Long Term Effects Neck/Face extension contracture side bending contractures rotation contractures flexion contractures facial muscle contractures impaired visual gaze increased/decreased cervical lordosis impaired peripheral gaze impaired eye contact impaired swallow, articulation and mastication Shoulder impaired glenohumeral rhythm decreased scapular glide decreased ROM impaired functional ability decreased overhead movements impingement syndrome rotator cuff injury/tear kyphosis Elbow inability to fully flex and/or extend elbow inability to fully supinate and/or pronate impaired hand to mouth movements impaired functional ability/ADLs Hand position of "comfort" decreased fine motor coordination impaired hand to mouth movements impaired functional ability/ADLs impaired gross motor movements Trunk side bending contractures rotation contractures extension contracture gait impairment scoliosis perceived leg length discrepancy disc problems impaired full trunk ROM impaired rib/chest expansion respiratory impairment Hip flexion contracture rotation contracture adduction contracture impaired gait decreased erect posture low back pain perceived leg length discrepancy trochanteric bursitis sciatica type symptomotology Knee flexion contracture decreased full flexion impaired gait perceived leg length discrepancy low back pain scoliosis Ankle plantar flexion contracture equinovarus deformity footwear problems skin breakdown deformities (bunions, calluses, etc.) impaired gait gait instability need for orthotic footwear